#TUNNEL CHICAGO FREE#

The average FP, CP and IP concentrations were 21.0 μg/m 3 ,28.4 μg/m 3 and 49.4 μg/m 3 respectively. The CEB was applied as an independent analysis to each sampling day. concentration of Al, Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, Si, Ti, V and Zn for both size fractions and SO 2, temperature, wind speed and wind direction on 17 days during a 4 month period from May to August 1984. Twenty-four hour average measurement were made of inhalable particulate (IP) matter consisting of fine particles (FP) diameter 2.5 μm but 4 - ), and the. One speaker noted that the choice of Independence Day for the opening was especially fitting, “since the completion of the tunnel was the beginning of an era of independence from bridge-tenders, railway companies, and lazy lake captains.” He toasted Chicago-“the city of to-day, and the Chicago of the future, the freest, proudest city on the continent.A chemical element mass balance (CEB) receptor model was used to determine the contnbutions from coal combustion, cement and limestone, mobile sources, refuse incineration, soil, and steel industries to the ambient particulate matter in Chicago. The carriages then turned around at Kinzie Street and drove back through the tunnel to the Briggs House hotel at Randolph and Wells streets, whose proprietors had prepared “a sumptuous and elegant collation.” Here, amidst much speechifying, the contractors formally tendered the tunnel to the Common Council and the citizens of Chicago.

In all respects it seemed to be a model tunnel,” especially when compared to the damp and “unpleasant” Washington Street Tunnel.

#TUNNEL CHICAGO FREE#

This allowed the passengers, a reporter wrote, “to closely inspect the interior, which was found to be a model of completeness and tasteful workmanship.” It was “well lighted with gas, and admirably ventilated, and as neat, clean, and free from dampness as could be desired. A procession of carriages bearing public officials and leading citizens proceeded from the Court House and through the nearby Randolph Street entrance. It shows that the tunnel contained two one-way passageways for horse-drawn traffic and a third for pedestrians travelling both north and south.Ĭhicago celebrated the completion of the tunnel with the kind of civic ceremony that greeted many major new public works throughout the nineteenth century. This cross section is an illustration from a popular 1870s guidebook. An excerpt from this novel is in the Library of the 'Fanning the Flames' section. Roe's bestselling 1872 novel of the fire, Barriers Burned Away. The crush of frightened humanity in the LaSalle Street Tunnel figures in several descriptions of the conflagration, including a fictional treatment in E. When the fire reached the South Division, the two tunnels afforded escape routes to the North and West divisions.

Like the Washington Street Tunnel, which had been completed two years earlier, the purpose of the tunnel LaSalle Street Tunnel was to enable pedestrians and vehicular traffic to cross the busy Chicago River even when nearby bridges were turned to allow boats on the river to pass. The tunnel's entrances were at Randolph and Kinzie streets, which are a little less than two thousand feet apart. The LaSalle Street Tunnel, the northern entrance to which can still be seen at Kinzie Street, was officially opened on July 4, 1871, just three months before the fire.

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